Nproximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation pdf

Net emissions, including carbon sinks in forests recovering from logging, are thought to have averaged 1. Causal network diagram showing the relationships between underlying drivers and proximate causes of deforestation and forest degradation arrows, direction of influence labeled according to direction of the effect. The authors recognises five categories of underlying forces, what are these. Untangling the proximate causes and underlying drivers of. Causes, effects, and implications pdf examining the proximate and underlying causes of tropical deforestation. Biodiversity impacts although tropical forests cover only about 7 percent of the earths dry land, they probably harbor about half of all species on earth. Habitat destruction also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. Most of the literature on the causes of tropical deforestation has focused on the proximate. Deforestation is recognized as a major driver of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Fundamental forces deforestation agents decisions specific factors parameters deforestation source. Underlying causes of deforestation many physical causes of deforestation have been identified and are the focus of considerable research aimed at minimising ecological damage. Basic concepts of deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation 2. Proximate or direct drivers of deforestation are human activities that directly affect the loss of forests and thus constitute proximate sources of change, that result from complex interactions of underlying forces in social, political, economic, technological and cultural domains geist and.

No universal policy for controlling tropical deforestation. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation. Deforestation meets some human needs, but also has profound consequences that arent just local, but global. Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest.

In malawi, deforestation is estimated to be responsible for the loss of 33,000 hectares per year, and is mainly attributed to agriculture expansion, tobacco growing, and excessive use of biomass. A survey of 140 economic models of deforestation finds a broad consensus on three immediate causes of deforestation. This simple framework served as the basis for a number of empirical investigations. Articles proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation helmut j. The study gives a brief rationale why subnational and not countrywide case study evidence constitutes an important tool in lucc and outlines the analytical concept of proximate and underlying causes of land change used. The links between proximate causes, social underlying driving forces, landuse and. Underlying causes of forest loss demand side causes markets the demand for unprocessed logs from asian markets is the greatest cause of forest loss in papua new guinea.

Pdf untangling the proximate causes and underlying drivers. Tropical forests are disappearing as the result of many pressures, both local and regional, acting in various combinations. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by forest protection. Direct causes people have been deforesting the earth for thousands of years, primarily to clear land for crops or livestock. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. Emission from deforestation and degradation in developing countries a key element in the global ghg budget estimated co 2 emissions in 1990s associated with land use change mainly deforestation in tropics were 1.

Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled humanenvironment systems has become a potential field of land change science lcs in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km. Setting a reading intention helps you organise your reading. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained. Brazil has made progress against one major source of deforestationlargescale commercial agriculturebut it must make substantial progress against other drivers of deforestation if it is going to preserve the tropical forest on which it and the rest of the world depends. But not all causes of forest degradation and loss are direct and obvious. Untangling the proximate causes and underlying drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in myanmar article pdf available in conservation biology 316 august 2017 with 3 reads. Proximate causes are human activities or immediate actions at the local level, such as agricultural expansion that originate from intended land use. Local deforestation patterns and driving forces in a tropical.

Deforestation can occur in a variety of ways, but it is mainly the result of a combination of agricultural and infrastructure expansion. Factors driving land use change world agroforestry. Deforestation, the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses, is considered to be a contributing factor to global climate change. Particularly, we selected two neighboring municipalities sharing a similar ecological context, but that recently have been subjected to different deforestation patterns. Many factors that are among the causes of deforestation are also part of the solution, e. The seminar commenced with helmut geist and eric lambins 2002 meta analysis proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. The current contribution of agriculture to deforestation varies by region, with industrial agriculture being responsible for 30% of deforestation.

The main causes of tropical deforestation are explained in this article. The geographic extent and causes of deforestation in subtropical seasonally dry forests of the world have received very little attention. Habitat destruction through human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers. The primary causes of tropical deforestation and degradation are population growth, poverty, environmentally harmful government subsidies, debts owed to developed countries, failure to. Dynamic causal patterns of desertification bioscience. Geist and others published proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation find, read and cite all the research you need on. Study areas range from a community to a multiprovince area, and cases span time periods from 1880 to 1996, with 1940 to 1990 being the most frequently covered. Apr 22, 2008 synergistic combinations of climatic and land use changes have the potential to produce the most dramatic impacts on land cover. An analysis of the causes of deforestation in malawi. The direct causes of deforestation are also typically. Beyond proximate and distal causes of landuse change.

There is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e. Papua new guinea is the worlds fifth largest producer of tropical logs png resources first quarter 1997. No single or key variable, such as population growth or shifting cultivation, unilaterally impacts forest cover change. Lambinproximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation.

We used the full landsat image archive to reconstruct deforestation and post deforestation dynamics. Many species are so specialized to microhabitats within the forest that they can only be found in small areas. Although this is widely accepted, empirical examples, particularly involving deforestation in latin america, are still very few. Nevertheless, deforestation has been a widespread phenomenon in tropical africa, with an annual forest clearance of between 1. Continentallevel estimations of the importance of deforestation drivers as reported by 46 countries. In contrast, tropical deforestation is substantial and continuing, and releases large amounts of co 2, because of the carbon stored in the vegetation and released when tropical forests are cut down. Most o f the ex istin g literature typically distinguishes between two levels of specific factors. It also disturbs natural processes such as biogeochemical, hydrological, and ecological cycles. It claims to be the first which quantifies the impact of cultural or sociopolitical driving forces upon deforestation.

A metaanalysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence. Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in. Although tropical forests are largely confined to developing countries, they arent just meeting local or national needs. Industrial agriculture, along with subsistence agriculture, is the most significant driver of deforestation in tropical and subtropical countries, accounting for 80% of deforestation from 20002010. Carnus, jm, et al 2006 planted forests and biodiversity. Systems dynamics commonly lead to tropical deforestation. Most of the worlds tropical logs are processed domestically by the.

Lambin proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation, bioscience 522. In this case, agriculture is the main immediate driver of deforestation, which is influenced by underlying factors, such as the expansion of. Preventing deforestation a key goal of international climate policycan incur an opportunity cost for local communities who depend on forest resources for their livelihoods. Study areas range from a community to a multiprovince area, and cases span time periods from 1880 to 1996, with 1940 to 1990 being the most frequently covered period. Identifying the patterns of land cover change lcc and their main proximate causes and underlying driving forces in tropical rainforests is an urgent task for designing adequate management and conservation policies. This framework draws on the institutional analysis and development iad framework see ostrom et al. Tropical deforestation has been a prominent issue over the past few decades.

Case studies of net losses of tropical forest cover n 152 were analyzed to determine whether the proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation fall into any patterns. The dry forests of latin america are among the most dynamic deforestation frontiers in the world and are important carbon and biodiversity reservoirs. Their analysis shows that different combinations of proximate and underlying driving forces determine tropical forest decline worldwide lambin et al. Find the right balance and the correct mix of factors most suitable for a particular region. Proximate or direct drivers of deforestation are human activities that directly affect the loss of forests and thus constitute proximate sources of change, that result from complex interactions of underlying forces in social, political, economic, technological. An analysis of a major cause of tropical deforestation in indonesia pdf tropical deforestation.

Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation bioscience, 1999. Geist and others published proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Deforestation and cattle expansion in the paraguayan chaco. For many years, the conservation and agriculture communities presented facts and figures about the drivers of land use change that included only the immediate or proximate causes. Articles proximate causes and underlying driving forces of. Case studies of net losses of tropical forest cover n152 were analysed to generate a general understanding of the proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation while preserving its descriptive richness. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation forest carbon. What drives accelerated land cover change in central. Our knowledge on the spatial patterns of deforestation and its proximate drivers remains partial though. According to fao, deforestation is the conversion of. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical. In addition, between 2000 and 2010, the world lost about 3. Location of repository proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Causative pattern of tropical deforestation n 152 cases.

Geist and lambin 2002 define proximate causes of deforestation to be human. Policies for reduced deforestation and their impact on. Tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on earth and about 80% of the worlds known biodiversity eminates from them. A metaanalysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence, brussels, belgium. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Unfortunately, tropical rainforests lose an estimated 93,000 square miles each year due to deforestation, a complex issue with many underlying economic concerns. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation tropical forests are disappearing as the result of many pressures, both local and regional, acting in various combinations in different geographical locations. Literature on drivers of distinguishes between proximate drivers and underlying deforestation causes. Drivers of deforestation in the basin of the usumacinta river ncbi. Drivers of degradation and deforestation in tropical. Analysis on the causes of deforestation and forest. Proximate or direct drivers are human activities and actions that directly impact forest cover and result in the loss of carbon stocks, e.

Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded. Lambin 2002 proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation, bioscience. Proximate and underlying causes of forest cover change in. The rate of forest loss from both deforestation and natural causes is slowing, but remains alarmingly high 2 and of worldwide concerns.

Common understanding of the causes of deforestation is dominated. Deforestation results in a decline in biodiversity and is known to have caused the extinction of many species. Tropical deforestation and carbon emissions from protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement paddd authors. Lambin ne of the primary causes of global environmental tropical forests are disappearing ochange is tropical deforestation, but the question of what factors drive deforestation remains largely unanswered as the result.

Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. There are many causes of tropical deforestationcommercial logging, largescale agriculture. Underlying causes of deforestation response article pdf available in science 3075712. Their 2002 paper served as a seed for discussion, and was complimented by an additional opening statement by the two authors. Study areas range from a community to a multiprovince area, and cases span time periods from 1880 to 1996,with 1940 to 1990 being the most frequently covered period. A 2006 survey found that less than 5% of the worlds tropical forest are managed sustainably. Using a metaanalytical research design, we analyzed subnational case studies n 2 on the causes of dryland degradation, also referred to as desertification, to determine whether the proximate causes and underlying driving forces fall into any pattern and to identify mediating factors, feedback mechanisms, crossscalar dynamics, and typical pathways.